The Recent Wave of Hong Kong Immigrants into Vancouver :: Immigration Vancouver Prejudice Essays

The Recent Wave of Hong Kong Immigrants into Vancouver      This paper is worried about the ongoing rush of Hong Kong settlers into Vancouver. The stage is set for this conversation by first clarifying a few foundation behind Canadian migration strategy and afterward talking about the historical backdrop of Chinese outsiders in Vancouver. From these conversations we are educated that Canadian movement strategy was verifiably ethnocentric and just started to change in the late 1960s. It was now that we see a progressively multicultural gathering of settlers into our country. The historical backdrop of Chinese movement in Vancouver, and so far as that is concerned, Canada isn't sure one. The encounters and partialities which were created more than 100 years prior still hues the path in which we see each other.      The late rush of Hong Kong workers started during the 1970s. This gathering is unique in relation to most others before it in view of it's scale and the way that they will in general be accomplished, princely individuals. The consequence of their movement into Vancouver has been a blasting economy and social strain. With more noteworthy comprehension and mindfulness on the two sides we can reduce the social strains. Presentation      There is a school in Vancouver which is offering a multi year inundation program to its understudies. That in itself isn't profoundly unordinary in our bilingual country, what is strange is that the language of decision for the inundation program isn't French, it is Mandarin. The program was casted a ballot in by guardians who accepted the Mandarin language to be progressively essential to their kids' fates in Vancouver than French. This circumstance shows successfully the change which is occurring in Canada's third biggest city. Vancouver is a city which is reliably looking increasingly more to the Pacific Rim countries, particularly Hong Kong, for its monetary and social associations.      Vancouver is the most asian Canadian city in viewpoint. At $1.3 Billion, English Columbia represents the best Asian venture of the considerable number of territories. As the urban focus of the territory, Vancouver is the goal for a large portion of this capital. With an Asian populace of over 18%, maybe it isn't so astonishing that so much Asian capital is put resources into the city. The draw of Vancouver for Asians has various reasons including, security, a chance to proceed with business in Asia, and a sentiment of welcome. The outcome is that the city is as a rule totally remade with asian cash. As a result of this inundation, everything isn't well, there are strains inside the city that have as of late been surfacing. Prior to going into this conversation, notwithstanding, it is critical to comprehend the setting of movement in Canada just as the historical backdrop of asian

Better Help For Smokers To Quit Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Examine about the Better Help For Smokers To Quit. Answer: Wellbeing considers: Better Help for Smokers to Quit Smoking is an addictive demonstration and it is perhaps the biggest reason for preventable passings in New Zealand. Smoking influences both the smokers and the individuals who encompass them otherwise called the inactive smokers. Smoking, be that as it may, has influenced the quality existence of people prompting the demise of roughly 5000 individuals consistently. Smoking expands the odds of creating incessant ailments, for example, heart sicknesses and lung contaminations, tuberculosis, and furthermore malignancy. What's more, this, then again, has prompted the expansion of assets that the administration is spending on human services. As indicated by Ministry of wellbeing insights, 65 % of smokers in New Zealand wish they didn't begin smoking while 60% have attempted to stop smoking however fizzled (Carr, 2004). The administration of New Zealand is hugely endeavoring to guarantee that smokers either stop or decrease their smoking propensities as a method of improving their wellbein g and prosperity. The administration presented the wellbeing activity of Better Help for Smokers to Quit in 2009 as a sign of its promise to assist with having a free smoking condition. The legislature likewise guaranteed that 80% of the people who visit the medicinal services organizations and distinguished as smokers will have free treatment and essential data to help them in their recuperation (Crisp et al, 2012). 95% of the smokers who are hospitalized get sufficient medicine and treatment and backing from the administration all through their treatment to assist them with halting the smoking propensity. The achievement of this methodology is reached out to essential social insurance whereby people who visit the clinics are offered backing and guidance that would help comprehend the impacts of smoking and the significance of halting smoking. The activity is coordinated to accomplishing its objectives starting at 2011. The exertion of the administration indicates the endeavors to improve the accessi bility of treatments that help the discontinuance of smoking. The training is significant in light of the fact that it is empowering and a large portion of the smokers have either diminished or even a remarkable propensity. Smokers who are dealing with their propensities or who have stopped smoking have a generally safe of getting constant maladies and even unexpected losses. This proposition is significant on the grounds that there is solid proof that only a basic guidance from wellbeing experts is powerful in urging people to stop smoking. As per the scientist (Tappin, 2005), one in each 40 smokers will make an endeavor to stop in the wake of getting exhortation from experts. Most smokers consistently wish to yet they dont know how to, yet a solitary guidance from these specialists could assist them with making a U-turn and quit their smoking propensities. Foundation This proposition targets smokers and offers them elective or rather cures that can assist them with dealing with their smoking propensity and in the end quit so as to decrease the untimely death rate. The activity is additionally intended to help lessen the quantity of ceaseless sicknesses that are probably going to influence smokers. The specialists, medical attendants and other wellbeing experts are to make it a daily practice to ask the individuals whether they smoke (Hammond al, 2004). The legislature in relationship with Ministry of Health has presented the activity as a method of improving social insurance among the youngsters and the old inside New Zealand and the residents of Bay of Plenty in guaranteeing that they are liberated from maladies related with smoking (Acton, 2012). The wellbeing experts likewise give discontinuance treatment to smokers who wish to quit smoking and a follow up on the people to guarantee that they get any help that they may require. The smokers who are as of now enlisted in the framework have various dates that they have to check up in the emergency clinics with the goal that the experts can beware of their advancement and give them a route forward. The specialists will likewise guarantee that they connect with the smokers in solid practices that will assist them with coming up short on the opportunity of smoking and acquaint them with different exercises to keep them occupied subsequently decreasing their odds of smoking (Miller Sedivy, 2009). The wellbeing activity is a significant advance by the administration in improving the medicinal services of smokers and their families and this consequently is an accomplishment to the entire network and furthermore as a nation. The activity is intended to better the lives of the residents of New Zealand to improve their degree of profitability as people in the general public. As indicated by (Fagerstrm et al, 2006) the lives of the people who smoke is significant too and helping them to quit smoking is something imperative. This activity ought to have the option to help spare the lives of in excess of 4000 individuals who bite the dust every year because of smoking-related inconveniences (Rollnick et al, 2008). All together for the activity to be accomplished, all encompassing methodology is significant, on the grounds that influencing change includes the entire network and in this way, an open mindfulness battle is critical to spreading data no matter how you look at it to ensure that all residents know about the activity. Nonetheless, the far reaching intercession of the quit smoking activity has expanded the quantity of the individual looking for mediation from 0 to 83 (B. P. U. 2015). The activity will help improve the lives of those influenced and consequently improve their family ways of life. Proposition Details The proposition is a drawn out procedure that hopes to accomplish its present moment and long haul objectives inside its time allotment. The motivation behind the activity notwithstanding, is to help improve the social insurance and prosperity of the residents of NZ and Bay of Plenty by guaranteeing that those recognized as smokers are urged to stop smoking and treated or prompted in like manner. The information underneath looks at Bay of Plenty (BOP) and New Zealand (NZ) prevalence paces of smoking in various age bunches according to the evaluation (2013). AGE BOP NZ 15-19 13.4% 10.4% 20-24 28.5% 21.4% 25-29 27.3% 19.3% 30-34 23.9% 19.3% 35-39 21.4% 17.8% 40-44 21.2% 18.1% 45-49 19.7% 17.0% 50-54 19.2% 17.0% 55-59 15.6% 14.5% 60-64 11.8% 11.7% 65-69 9.5% 9.8% 70-74 6.3% 7.0% 75-79 4.6% 4.9% 80-84 2.8% 3.5% 85+ 1.9% 2.2% This information obviously shows the pace of smoking in BOP contrasted with NZ, as indicated by the above information, the pace of smoking in the Bay of Plenty is generally high contrasted with that of NZ. Tobacco Control Action Plan 2015-2018, is a broad activity for the Better Help for Smokers to Quit. This Action Plan is coordinated explicitly to the Maori and the Pacific who structures up the BOP as a result of their high pace of smoking which is a danger to their prosperity and wellbeing. It is recognized that the high paces of smoking among the BOP has put them in danger of constant maladies, for instance, malignancy among others. Smoking in BOP is spread the whole route since the beginning of 15 right to 85 years in addition to. Smoking-related illnesses cost a great deal to the administration (Lancaster, 2000). Better Help for Smoker to Quite is an activity that is set up to help decrease the costs that the legislature spends on treating these diseases. The activity incorporates giving the human services staff surveys to help in recognizing the smokers and figuring out how to assist them with decreasing their smoking propensities and even quit. This framework helps in making a favorable situation for people and the clinical work force. The activity depends on inspiration and giving an answer for the objective gathering during their visit to the wellbeing cares. This is a free assistance offered to all the patients who visit the medicinal services and distinguish themselves as smokers. The medicinal services and their whole staff are the significant drivers of the battle to advance a free smoking condition in the NZ yet particularly inside the BOP (Tong et al, 2006). The activity has so far accomplished its essential objective, and its right now on the auxiliary objective which is on a week after week checking by the Ministry. The emergency clinic has prepared assets for the staff, birthing specialists, and patients to guarantee that the two of them accomplish the objectives of building up a free smoking society. As per the information gave by the Ministry of Health, the quantity of patients getting exhortation and treatment has expanded and this will build the quantity of people who quit the training. The activity will help guarantee that the training upon the ladies smokers is halted totally. End Smoking has prompted a high pace of mortality among the individuals of New Zealand and particularly those from BOP. The activity has decidedly helped two or three individuals either to oversee or even quit smoking totally. In any case, as per the Ministry of wellbeing, the activity is progressing and there are diverse vital plans and activities that are remembered for the activity to ensure that the activity accomplishes its course in decreasing the paces of smokers and empowering a situation that is a free smoking zone. This has likewise helped in diminishing the dangers of contracting ceaseless maladies among the smokers which could prompt mortality among the youthful and the old. The legislature has been and still is exceptionally hopeful about lessening the paces of smoking by setting up all measures for instance satisfactory assets to urge the activity to accomplish its course. References Acton, Q. A. (2012). Incessant periodontitis: New bits of knowledge for the social insurance professional.Atlanta: Scholarly Editions(2015). New Zealand venture and business control: Strategic and commonsense data. Spot of distribution not distinguished: Intl Business Pubns Usa. Fresh, J., Taylor, C., Douglas, C., Rebeiro, G. (2012). Potter Perry's Fundamentals of Nursing - AUS Version. London: Elsevier Health Sciences APAC. Carr, A. (2004). The simple w

Sample TOEFL Multiple Choice Essay Best Type of Neighbor

Sample TOEFL Multiple Choice Essay Best Type of Neighbor The QuestionNeighbors are the people who live near us. In your opinion, what type of neighbor is the best to have?-someone who is quiet -someone who we are similar to -someone who is supportiveUse specific details and examples in your answer.Special Offer: TOEFL Essay Evaluation and ScoringYou can now sign up to have your practice essays evaluated and scored by the author of this page. This service is a great way to learn how you will do before test day and how you can best prepare for the big day. Sign up today.The Sample EssayOur lives can certainly be affected by the people in our neighborhood, even if we do not interact with them on a daily basis. In my opinion, it is critically important to have neighbors that are very supportive of us. I will explore the reasons why I feel this way in the following essay. First of all, our lives are full of unplanned emergencies and supportive people in our neighborhood help us most when they occur. Oftentimes, the people living close to us are the only ones who can provide essential assistance when things go terribly wrong. For instance, my family experienced a major house fire several years ago. It was a traumatic experience that happened in the middle of the night, and we lost many of our personal belongings. No one was injured, but we suffered an extreme amount of emotional trauma. However, the damage was reduced thanks to the quick thinking of a compassionate neighbor who immediately called the fire department when he saw what was happening, and who also provided us with clean clothes, food and a place to stay for the night. This example demonstrates how important it is to have kind and supportive neighbors when a crisis happens. Secondly, it is a lot easier to raise a family in today’s hectic society if our neighbors are willing to lend a hand. In addition to unexpected disasters, today we often have to face unplanned professional requests. My own experience demonstrates this reality. Five years ago, I was living with my wife and two sons in our apartment in Tokyo. My wife was at work, and I was home taking care of the children. All of sudden I received a call from my boss who needed me to drive across the city to give a presentation to one of our company’s new clients. I panicked at first because I knew I could not take the kids along, however I simply called our next door neighbor and asked if she would keep an eye on them for the rest of the evening. She readily agreed, so I was able to meet the clients. Had she not been so supportive, I wouldn’t have been able to fulfill my boss’s request, and I would have faced some repercussions the next day. In conclusion, I strongly believe that it is incredibly helpful to live near supportive people. This is because such people can help us handle life’s unexpected emergencies, and can make it easier to deal with both family and work obligations.Note:This is a sample TOEFL essay written by a native speaker. It follows ourTOEFL Writing templat esfor independent essays. If it is useful, please remember that we havemany more sample essaysfor you to read!

Dealing with Transformation in The Metamorphosis Essay

Dealing with Transformation in The Metamorphosis In The Metamorphosis Gregor Samsa is forced to deal with his transformation from a human being into an insect. After his transformation Gregor is no longer able to do everyday ordinary things. He now has to depend on someone to do these things for him. His younger sister, Grete, makes herself responsible for Gregor. She takes it upon herself to make sure that Gregor is fed and his room is cleaned. This leads to the question; why does she place such a huge responsibility on herself? An optimist like Gregor who only sees the good side of people would say it is because she is a loving and caring person. That her brother’s current condition makes her feel sorry for him and†¦show more content†¦He was the son, the sole breadwinner of the family. Before Gregor’s transformation Grete really had no place in the family. Now since Gregor was unable to help the family Grete became important, needed and most of all appreciated. â€Å"He often heard them expressi ng their appreciation of his sister’s activities, whereas formerly they had frequently scolded her for being a somewhat useless daughter†(99). Now Grete’s parents need her for something. Grete by making herself responsible for Gregor gains a certain power over her parents. This however in not presented to the reader clearly because Gregor is unable to grasp the fact that his sister might have ulterior motives. Another instance that Grete’s motives are a bit unclear is when she decides to move all of his furniture out of his room. The determination was not of course, merely the outcome of childish recalcitrance and of the self confidence she had recently developed so unexpectedly and at such high costs; she had also perceived that Gregor needed a lot of space to crawl about in, (103). Gregor believes that Grete is moving the furniture so he can be more comfortable. Once again, Gregor leads the reader to believe that Grete’s actions are driven by what is best for him. This is not necessarily true. The reader has to keep in mind that this is the same person who at the end decides to get rid of Gregor. Why would she care about his crawling space when at the end she doesn’t evenShow MoreRelatedReview Of The Metamorphosis And The Short Stories Created By Allan Poe909 Words   |  4 PagesAmerican playwright Williams Tennessee once said, â€Å"We all live in a house on fire, no fire department to call; no way out, just the upstairs window to look out of while the fire burns the house down with us trapped, locked in it.† Similarly, â€Å"The Metamorphosis† and the short stories created by Allan Poe deal with trapped characters who have no other choice but to accept their reality, while experiencing a sort of feelings that are just a ref lection of the various pressures they experience through theirRead MorePerception in the metamorphosis1256 Words   |  6 Pagesidentity? German-language writer Franz Kafkas novella The Metamorphosis and one of its themes of the struggle to define ones identity answers some of these questions. Published in 1915, this story is a fictitious account of the protagonist, Gregor Samsas transformation into a gigantic bug and the series of events which occur as he and those around him attempt to adjust to this outrageous transmutation. Throughout the novella, we see Samsa dealing with the crisis between his animal and human selfRead MoreIn Franz Kafka’S â€Å"The Metamorphosis† Gregor Samsa Dreads1576 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The Metamorphosis† Gregor Samsa dreads his daily grinding of working as a traveling salesman in order to provide for his family. Gregor endures the burden of carrying the financial responsibility of taking care of his family. While his family e njoys the fruit of his labors and live comfortably because of him. Gregor is not allowed to live for himself, this suppresses him into a shell. The family’s lack of appreciation for Gregor leads to his physical change which is his first metamorphosis. ThisRead MoreThe Theme Of Change And Transformation In The Alchemist By Paulo Coelho1382 Words   |  6 Pageson his quest to not only follow his Personal Legend, but also to discover a world full of changes and transformations. Looking at this story at first glance might give you the feel that it will be about a boy on a quest filled with the expected trials that test his heart, strength, and character. Elements like this are present, however, the story makes the reader think deeply about the motif dealing with following the signs the universe gives. This is due to various symbols and motifs, one having toRead MoreKubler-Ross on Gregor Samsa and Meursault1589 Words   |  7 PagesIn the novels The Metamorphosis and The Strang er by Franz Kafka and Albert Camus, Kubler-Ross’s five stages of death are incorporated to emphasize the themes of individualism and isolation. While denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance are common emotions when dealing with death, denial, anger, and acceptance are essential in connecting to Kafka and Camus’s ideas regarding individualism. Through their experiences relating to those three stages of death, the protagonists, Gregor SamsaRead MoreFamily Dynamics in Peter Shaffer’s Equus and Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka1068 Words   |  5 PagesThe two novels Equus and The Metamorphosis carry comparable themes which isolate the main character from the father figure within each story. Kafka and Schaffer both contrast similar ideas of rejection within a father and son relationship in Equus and The Metamorphosis, to imitate the way society policies its members through family disagreements. The family differences about religion in one novel, and the st ress because of a major transformation which causes the parent to work in another, createsRead MoreAnalysis Of Franz Kafka s The Metamorphosis 1711 Words   |  7 Pagestheme that most readers can relate to. Franz Kafka, a renowned German-speaking fiction writer of the 20th century, uses a unique style of writing that many people believe is a telling of his own life story. In his well-known short story, â€Å"The Metamorphosis†, many similarities and connections can be seen between the main character, Gregor Samsa, and the author himself, Franz Kafka. A major comparison that can be made is the fact that both Samsa and Kafka died slow, lonesome deaths after being in aRead MoreThe Metamorphosis by Kafka1062 Words   |  5 PagesIn the novel, The Metamorphosis, Kafka writes about a man who one day transformed into a bug. Kafka’s own feelings of nothingness caused this story to shape into this unique story. Kafka writes, â€Å"The dream reveals the reality, which conce ption lags behind. That is the horror of life – the terror of art† (qtd. In Kennedy and Gioia 299). Kafka said this as a rebuttal to a friend trying to pry information out of him about The Metamorphosis. Kafka meant that the true burden of art is that a person’sRead MoreEssay about From Man to Giant Vermin in Kafkas Novel, The Metamorphosis814 Words   |  4 PagesKafka’s 1916 novel The Metamorphosis seems to be the tale of a man who wakes up one morning and finds himself transformed into a giant vermin. However, this novel actually reveals a metaphoric example of the overall structure of society through the economic theories of Marx and Engels. The protagonist of the story, Gregor Samsa, is in some ways a representation of the proletariat, or working class, and his unnamed manager signifies the bourgeoisie. After Gregor’s transformation, the conflict that arisesRead MoreKafka ´s The Metamorphosis Essay937 Words   |  4 PagesIn Kafka’s â€Å"The Metamorphosis†, the character Gregor transforms from a man into a bug, specifically a cockroach. Although Gregor physically changes, he does not change as a person. Gregor merely accepts his new condition as a bug and his family’s continuous abuse and hostility. Gregor’s acceptance of his new bug form is representative of his passive personality before and after his transformation. Gregor’s passivity, in response to the hostile world around him, causes his eventual downfall.

Constance Weavers 12 Principles for Teaching Grammar

For many years, when middle and high school English teachers would ask me to recommend a good book for teaching grammar, Id direct them to Constance Weavers Teaching Grammar in Context (Heinemann, 1996). Based on sound research and extensive road testing, Weavers book views grammar as a positive activity for making meaning, not just an exercise in tracking down ​errors or labeling parts of speech. But Ive stopped recommending Teaching Grammar in Context, though its still in print. Now I encourage teachers to pick up a copy of Weavers more recent book, Grammar to Enrich and Enhance Writing (Heinemann, 2008). Assisted by her colleague Jonathan Bush, Dr. Weaver does more than simply rework the concepts introduced in her earlier study. She delivers on her promise to offer a text thats more comprehensive, more reader-friendly, and more concretely focused on teachers practical needs. The fastest way to help you decide whether youd get along with Dr. Weaver, theoretically speaking, is to reprint her 12 principles for teaching grammar to enrich and enhance writing--principles that underlie all the varied activities in her book. Teaching grammar divorced from writing doesnt strengthen writing and therefore wastes time.Few grammatical terms are actually needed to discuss writing.Sophisticated grammar is fostered in literacy-rich and language-rich environments.Grammar instruction for writing should build upon students developmental readiness.Grammar options are best expanded through reading and in conjunction with writing.Grammar conventions taught in isolation seldom transfer to writing.Marking corrections on students papers does little good.Grammar conventions are applied most readily when taught in conjunction with editing.Instruction in conventional editing is important for all students but must honor their home language or dialect.Progress may involve new kinds of errors as students try to apply new writing skills.Grammar instruction should be included during various phases of writing.More research is needed on effective ways of teaching grammar to strengthen writing. To learn more about Constance Weavers Grammar to Enrich and Enhance Writing (and to read a sample chapter), visit the Heinemann website.

Naturally Occuring Earth Quakes Free Essays

string(163) " the strongly oblique convergent plate boundary between the  Arabian  and  Eurasian plates  where it runs through the northwestern part of the  Zagros  mountains\." ————————————————- Naturally occurring earthquakes Fault types Tectonic earthquakes occur anywhere in the earth where there is sufficient stored elastic strain energy to drive fracture propagation along a  fault plane. The sides of a fault move past each other smoothly and  aseismically  only if there are no irregularities or  asperities  along the fault surface that increase the frictional resistance. Most fault surfaces do have such asperities and this leads to a form of  stick-slip behaviour. We will write a custom essay sample on Naturally Occuring Earth Quakes or any similar topic only for you Order Now Once the fault has locked, continued relative motion between the plates leads to increasing stress and therefore, stored strain energy in the volume around the fault surface. This continues until the stress has risen sufficiently to break through the asperity, suddenly allowing sliding over the locked portion of the fault, releasing the  stored energy. This energy is released as a combination of radiated elastic  strain  seismic waves, frictional heating of the fault surface, and cracking of the rock, thus causing an earthquake. This process of gradual build-up of strain and stress punctuated by occasional sudden earthquake failure is referred to as the  elastic-rebound theory. It is estimated that only 10 percent or less of an earthquake’s total energy is radiated as seismic energy. Most of the earthquake’s energy is used to power the earthquake  fracture  growth or is converted into heat generated by friction. Therefore, earthquakes lower the Earth’s available  elastic potential energy  and raise its temperature, though these changes are negligible compared to the conductive and convective flow of heat out from the  Earth’s deep interior. 2] Earthquake fault types Main article:  Fault (geology) There are three main types of fault that may cause an earthquake: normal, reverse (thrust) and strike-slip. Normal and reverse faulting are examples of dip-slip, where the displacement along the fault is in the direction of  dip  and movement on them involves a vertical component. Normal faults occur mainly in areas where the crust is being  extended  such as a  divergent boundary. Reverse faults occur in areas where the crust is being  shortened  such as at a convergent boundary. Strike-slip faultsare teep structures where the two sides of the fault slip horizontally past each other; transform boundaries are a particular type of strike-slip fault. Many earthquakes are caused by movement on faults that have components of both dip-slip and strike-slip; this is known as oblique slip. Reverse faults, particularly those along  convergent plate boundaries  are associated with the most powerful earthquakes, including almost all of those of magnitude 8 or more. Strike-slip faults, particularly continental  transforms  can produce major earthquakes up to about magnitude 8. Earthquakes associated with normal faults are generally less than magnitude 7. This is so because the energy released in an earthquake, and thus its magnitude, is proportional to the area of the fault that ruptures[3]  and the stress drop. Therefore, the longer the length and the wider the width of the faulted area, the larger the resulting magnitude. The topmost, brittle part of the Earth’s crust, and the cool slabs of the tectonic plates that are descending down into the hot mantle, are the only parts of our planet which can store elastic energy and release it in fault ruptures. Rocks hotter than about 300 degrees Celsius flow in response to stress; they do not rupture in earthquakes. [4][5]  The maximum observed lengths of ruptures and mapped faults, which may break in one go are approximately 1000  km. Examples are the earthquakes in  Chile, 1960;  Alaska, 1957;  Sumatra, 2004, all in subduction zones. The longest earthquake ruptures on strike-slip faults, like the  San Andreas Fault  (1857, 1906), the  North Anatolian Fault  in Turkey (1939) and theDenali Fault  in Alaska (2002), are about half to one third as long as the lengths along subducting plate margins, and those along normal faults are even shorter. Aerial photo of the San Andreas Fault in the  Carrizo Plain, northwest of Los Angeles The most important parameter controlling the maximum earthquake magnitude on a fault is however not the maximum available length, but the available width because the latter varies by a factor of 20. Along converging plate margins, the dip angle of the rupture plane is very shallow, typically about 10 degrees. [6]  Thus the width of the plane within the top brittle crust of the Earth can become 50 to 100  km (Tohoku, 2011;  Alaska, 1964), making the most powerful earthquakes possible. Strike-slip faults tend to be oriented near vertically, resulting in an approximate width of 10  km within the brittle crust,[7]  thus earthquakes with magnitudes much larger than 8 are not possible. Maximum magnitudes along many normal faults are even more limited because many of them are located along spreading centers, as in Iceland, where the thickness of the brittle layer is only about 6  km. [8][9] In addition, there exists a hierarchy of stress level in the three fault types. Thrust faults are generated by the highest, strike slip by intermediate, and normal faults by the lowest stress levels. 10]  This can easily be understood by considering the direction of the greatest principal stress, the direction of the force that ‘pushes’ the rock mass during the faulting. In the case of normal faults, the rock mass is pushed down in a vertical direction, thus the pushing force (greatest  principal stress) equals the weight of the rock mass itself. In the case of thrusting, the rock mass ‘escapes’ in the direction of the least principal stress, namely upward, lifting the rock mass up, thus the overburden equals the  least  principal stress. Strike-slip faulting is intermediate between the other two types described above. This difference in stress regime in the three faulting environments can contribute to differences in stress drop during faulting, which contributes to differences in the radiated energy, regardless of fault dimensions. Earthquakes away from plate boundaries Main article:  Intraplate earthquake Where plate boundaries occur within  continental lithosphere, deformation is spread out over a much larger area than the plate boundary itself. In the case of the  San Andreas fault  continental transform, many earthquakes occur away from the plate boundary and are related to strains developed within the broader zone of deformation caused by major irregularities in the fault trace (e. g. , the â€Å"Big bend† region). The  Northridge earthquake  was associated with movement on a blind thrust within such a zone. Another example is the strongly oblique convergent plate boundary between the  Arabian  and  Eurasian plates  where it runs through the northwestern part of the  Zagros  mountains. You read "Naturally Occuring Earth Quakes" in category "Essay examples" The deformation associated with this plate boundary is partitioned into nearly pure thrust sense movements perpendicular to the boundary over a wide zone to the southwest and nearly pure strike-slip motion along the Main Recent Fault close to the actual plate boundary itself. This is demonstrated by earthquake  focal mechanisms. [11] All tectonic plates have internal stress fields caused by their interactions with neighbouring plates and sedimentary loading or unloading (e. g. deglaciation[12]). These stresses may be sufficient to cause failure along existing fault planes, giving rise to  intraplate earthquakes. [13] Shallow-focus and deep-focus earthquakes Main article:  Depth of focus (tectonics) The majority of tectonic earthquakes originate at the ring of fire in depths not exceeding tens of kilometers. Earthquakes occurring at a depth of less than 70  km are classified as ‘shallow-focus’ earthquakes, while those with a focal-depth between 70 and 300  km are commonly termed ‘mid-focus’ or ‘intermediate-depth’ earthquakes. In  subduction zones, where older and colder  oceanic crust  descends beneath another tectonic plate,  deep-focus earthquakes  may occur at much greater depths (ranging from 300 up to 700  kilometers). [14]  These seismically active areas of subduction are known as  Wadati-Benioff zones. Deep-focus earthquakes occur at a depth where the subducted  lithosphere  should no longer be brittle, due to the high temperature and pressure. A possible mechanism for the generation of deep-focus earthquakes is faulting caused by  olivine  undergoing a  phase transition  into a  spinel  structure. 15] Earthquakes and volcanic activity Earthquakes often occur in volcanic regions and are caused there, both by  tectonic  faults and the movement of  magma  in  volcanoes. Such earthquakes can serve as an early warning of volcanic eruptions, as during the  Mount St. Helens  eruption of 1980. [16]  Earthquake swarms can serve as markers for the location of the flowing magma throughout the volcanoes. These swarms can be recorded by seismometers and  tiltmeters  (a device that measures ground slope) and used as sensors to predict imminent or upcoming eruptions. [17] Rupture dynamics A tectonic earthquake begins by an initial rupture at a point on the fault surface, a process known as nucleation. The scale of the nucleation zone is uncertain, with some evidence, such as the rupture dimensions of the smallest earthquakes, suggesting that it is smaller than 100 m while other evidence, such as a slow component revealed by low-frequency spectra of some earthquakes, suggest that it is larger. The possibility that the nucleation involves some sort of preparation process is supported by the observation that about 40% of earthquakes are preceded by foreshocks. Once the rupture has initiated it begins to propagate along the fault surface. The mechanics of this process are poorly understood, partly because it is difficult to recreate the high sliding velocities in a laboratory. Also the effects of strong ground motion make it very difficult to record information close to a nucleation zone. [18] Rupture propagation is generally modeled using a  fracture mechanics  approach, likening the rupture to a propagating mixed mode shear crack. The rupture velocity is a function of the fracture energy in the volume around the crack tip, increasing with decreasing fracture energy. The velocity of rupture propagation is orders of magnitude faster than the displacement velocity across the fault. Earthquake ruptures typically propagate at velocities that are in the range 70–90% of the S-wave velocity and this is independent of earthquake size. A small subset of earthquake ruptures appear to have propagated at speeds greater than the S-wave velocity. These  supershear earthquakes  have all been observed during large strike-slip events. The unusually wide zone of coseismic damage caused by the  2001 Kunlun earthquake  has been attributed to the effects of the  sonic boom  developed in such earthquakes. Some earthquake ruptures travel at unusually low velocities and are referred to as  slow earthquakes. A particularly dangerous form of slow earthquake is the  tsunami earthquake, observed where the relatively low felt intensities, caused by the slow propagation speed of some great earthquakes, fail to alert the population of the neighbouring coast, as in the  1896 Meiji-Sanriku earthquake. [18] Tidal forces See also:  Earthquake prediction#Tides Research work has shown a robust correlation between small tidally induced forces and non-volcanic tremor activity. 19][20][21][22] Earthquake clusters Most earthquakes form part of a sequence, related to each other in terms of location and time. [23]  Most earthquake clusters consist of small tremors that cause little to no damage, but there is a theory that earthquakes can recur in a regular pattern. [24] Aftershocks Main article:  Aftershock An aftershock is an earthquake that occurs after a previous earthquake, the mainshock. An aftershock is in the same region of the main shock but always of a smaller magnitude. If an aftershock is larger than the main shock, the aftershock is redesignated as the main shock and the original main shock is redesignated as a  foreshock. Aftershocks are formed as the crust around the displaced  fault plane  adjusts to the effects of the main shock. [23] Earthquake swarms Main article:  Earthquake swarm Earthquake swarms are sequences of earthquakes striking in a specific area within a short period of time. They are different from earthquakes followed by a series of  aftershocks  by the fact that no single earthquake in the sequence is obviously the main shock, therefore none have notable higher magnitudes than the other. An example of an earthquake swarm is the 2004 activity atYellowstone National Park. [25] Earthquake storms Main article:  Earthquake storm Sometimes a series of earthquakes occur in a sort of  earthquake storm, where the earthquakes strike a fault in clusters, each triggered by the shaking or stress redistribution of the previous earthquakes. Similar to  aftershocks  but on adjacent segments of fault, these storms occur over the course of years, and with some of the later earthquakes as damaging as the early ones. Such a pattern was observed in the sequence of about a dozen earthquakes that struck the  North Anatolian Fault  in Turkey in the 20th century and has been inferred for older anomalous clusters of large earthquakes in the Middle East. [26][27] ————————————————- Size and frequency of occurrence It is estimated that around 500,000 earthquakes occur each year, detectable with current instrumentation. About 100,000 of these can be felt. [28][29]  Minor earthquakes occur nearly constantly around the world in places like  California  and  Alaska  in the U. S. , as well as n  Mexico,  Guatemala,  Chile,  Peru,  Indonesia,  Iran,  Pakistan, the  Azores  in  Portugal,  Turkey,  New Zealand,  Greece,Italy, and  Japan, but earthquakes can occur almost anywhere, including  New York City,  London, and  Australia. [30]  Larger earthquakes occur less frequently, the relationship being  exponential; for example, roughly ten times as many earthquakes larger than magnitude 4 occur in a particular time period than earthquakes larger than magnitude 5. In the (low seismicity) United Kingdom, for example, it has been calculated that the average recurrences are: an earthquake of 3. –4. 6 every year, an earthquake of 4. 7–5. 5 every 10  years, and an earthquake of 5. 6 or larger every 100  years. [31]  This is an example of the  Gutenberg-Richter law. The  Messina earthquake  and tsunami took as many as 200,000 lives on December 28, 1908 in  Sicily  and  Calabria. [32] The number of seismic stations has increased from about 350 in 1931 to many thousands today. As a result, many more earthquakes are reported than in the past, but this is because of the vast improvement in instrumentation, rather than an increase in the number of earthquakes. The  United States Geological Survey  estimates that, since 1900, there have been an average of 18 major earthquakes (magnitude 7. 0–7. 9) and one great earthquake (magnitude 8. 0 or greater) per year, and that this average has been relatively stable. [33]  In recent years, the number of major earthquakes per year has decreased, though this is probably a statistical fluctuation rather than a systematic trend. [citation needed]  More detailed statistics on the size and frequency of earthquakes is available from the  United States Geological Survey  (USGS). 34]  A recent increase in the number of major earthquakes has been noted, which could be explained by a cyclical pattern of periods of intense tectonic activity, interspersed with longer periods of low-intensity. However, accurate recordings of earthquakes only began in the early 1900s, so it is too early to categorically state that this is the case. [35] Most of the world’s earthquakes (90%, and 81% of t he largest) take place in the 40,000  km long, horseshoe-shaped zone called the circum-Pacific seismic belt, known as the  Pacific Ring of Fire, which for the most part bounds the  Pacific Plate. 36][37]  Massive earthquakes tend to occur along other plate boundaries, too, such as along the  Himalayan Mountains. [38] With the rapid growth of  mega-cities  such as  Mexico City,  Tokyo  and  Tehran, in areas of high  seismic risk, some seismologists are warning that a single quake may claim the lives of up to 3  million people. [39] ————————————————- Induced seismicity Main article:  Induced seismicity While most earthquakes are caused by movement of the Earth’s  tectonic plates, human activity can also produce earthquakes. Four main activities contribute to this phenomenon: storing large amounts of water behind a  dam  (and possibly building an extremely heavy  building), drilling and injecting liquid into  wells, and by  coal mining  and  oil drilling. [40]  Perhaps the best known example is the  2008 Sichuan earthquake  in China’s  Sichuan Province  in May; this tremor resulted in 69,227 fatalities and is the  19th deadliest earthquake of all time. The  Zipingpu Dam  is believed to have fluctuated the pressure of the fault 1,650 feet (503  m) away; this pressure probably increased the power of the earthquake and accelerated the rate of movement for the fault. 41]  The greatest earthquake in Australia’s history is also claimed to be induced by humanity, through coal mining. The city of Newcastle  was built over a large sector of coal mining areas. The earthquake has been reported to be spawned from a fault that reactivated due to the millions of tonnes of rock removed in the mining process. [42] ————————————————- Measuring and locating earthquakes Main article:  Seismology Earthquakes can be recorded by seismometers up to great distances, because  seismic waves  travel through the whole  Earth’s interior. The absolute magnitude of a quake is conventionally reported by numbers on the  Moment magnitude scale  (formerly Richter scale, magnitude 7 causing serious damage over large areas), whereas the felt magnitude is reported using the modifiedMercalli intensity scale  (intensity II–XII). Every tremor produces different types of seismic waves, which travel through rock with different velocities: * Longitudinal  P-waves  (shock- or pressure waves) * Transverse  S-waves  (both body waves) * Surface waves  Ã¢â‚¬â€ (Rayleigh  and  Love  waves) Propagation velocity  of the seismic waves ranges from approx.   km/s up to 13  km/s, depending on the  density  and  elasticity  of the medium. In the Earth’s interior the shock- or P waves travel much faster than the S waves (approx. relation 1. 7  : 1). The differences in  travel time  from the  epicentre  to the observatory are a measure of the distance and can be used to image both sourc es of quakes and structures within the Earth. Also the depth of the  hypocenter  can be computed roughly. In solid rock P-waves travel at about 6 to 7  km per second; the velocity increases within the deep mantle to ~13  km/s. The velocity of S-waves ranges from 2–3  km/s in light sediments and 4–5  km/s in the Earth’s crust up to 7  km/s in the deep mantle. As a consequence, the first waves of a distant earthquake arrive at an observatory via the Earth’s mantle. Rule of thumb: On the average, the kilometer distance to the earthquake is the number of seconds between the P and S wave  times 8. [43]  Slight deviations are caused by inhomogeneities of subsurface structure. By such analyses of seismograms the Earth’s core was located in 1913 by  Beno Gutenberg. Earthquakes are not only categorized by their magnitude but also by the place where they occur. The world is divided into 754  Flinn-Engdahl regions  (F-E regions), which are based on political and geographical boundaries as well as seismic activity. More active zones are divided into smaller F-E regions whereas less active zones belong to larger F-E regions. ————————————————- Effects of earthquakes 1755 copper engraving depicting  Lisbonin ruins and in flames after the  1755 Lisbon earthquake, which killed an estimated 60,000 people. A  tsunami  overwhelms the ships in the harbor. The effects of earthquakes include, but are not limited to, the following: Shaking and ground rupture Damaged buildings in  Port-au-Prince,Haiti, January 2010. Shaking and ground rupture are the main effects created by earthquakes, principally resulting in more or less severe damage to buildings and other rigid structures. The severity of the local effects depends on the complex combination of the earthquake  magnitude, the distance from the  epicenter, and the local geological and geomorphological conditions, which may amplify or reduce  wave propagation. [44]  The ground-shaking is measured by  ground acceleration. Specific local geological, geomorphological, and geostructural features can induce high levels of shaking on the ground surface even from low-intensity earthquakes. This effect is called site or local amplification. It is principally due to the transfer of the  seismic  motion from hard deep soils to soft superficial soils and to effects of seismic energy focalization owing to typical geometrical setting of the deposits. Ground rupture is a visible breaking and displacement of the Earth’s surface along the trace of the fault, which may be of the order of several metres in the case of major earthquakes. Ground rupture is a major risk for large engineering structures such as  dams, bridges and  nuclear power stations  and requires careful mapping of existing faults to identify any which are likely to break the ground surface within the life of the structure. [45] Landslides and avalanches Main article:  Landslide Earthquakes, along with severe storms, volcanic activity, coastal wave attack, and wildfires, can produce slope instability leading to landslides, a major geological hazard. Landslide danger may persist while emergency personnel are attempting rescue. [46] Fires Fires of the  1906 San Francisco earthquake Earthquakes can cause  fires  by damaging  electrical power  or gas lines. In the event of water mains rupturing and a loss of pressure, it may also become difficult to stop the spread of a fire once it has started. For example, more deaths in the  1906 San Francisco earthquake  were caused by fire than by the earthquake itself. [47] Soil liquefaction Main article:  Soil liquefaction Soil liquefaction occurs when, because of the shaking, water-saturated  granular  material (such as sand) temporarily loses its strength and transforms from a  solid  to a  liquid. Soil liquefaction may cause rigid structures, like buildings and bridges, to tilt or sink into the liquefied deposits. This can be a devastating effect of earthquakes. For example, in the  1964 Alaska earthquake, soil liquefaction caused many buildings to sink into the ground, eventually collapsing upon themselves. [48] Tsunami The tsunami of the  2004 Indian Ocean earthquake A large ferry boat rests inland amidst destroyed houses after a 9. 0  earthquakeand subsequent tsunami struck Japan in March 2011. Main article:  Tsunami Tsunamis are long-wavelength, long-period sea waves produced by the sudden or abrupt movement of large volumes of water. In the open ocean the distance between wave crests can surpass 100 kilometers (62  mi), and the wave periods can vary from five minutes to one hour. Such tsunamis travel 600-800  kilometers per hour (373–497 miles per hour), depending on water depth. Large waves produced by an earthquake or a submarine landslide can overrun nearby coastal areas in a matter of minutes. Tsunamis can also travel thousands of kilometers across open ocean and wreak destruction on far shores hours after the earthquake that generated them. [49] Ordinarily, subduction earthquakes under magnitude 7. on the Richter scale do not cause tsunamis, although some instances of this have been recorded. Most destructive tsunamis are caused by earthquakes of magnitude 7. 5 or more. [49] Floods Main article:  Flood A flood is an overflow of any amount of water that reaches land. [50]  Floods occur usually when the volume of water within a body of water, such as a river or lake, exceeds the total capacity o f the formation, and as a result some of the water flows or sits outside of the normal perimeter of the body. However, floods may be secondary effects of earthquakes, if dams are damaged. Earthquakes may cause landslips to dam rivers, which collapse and cause floods. [51] The terrain below the  Sarez Lake  in  Tajikistan  is in danger of catastrophic flood if the  landslide dam  formed by the earthquake, known as the  Usoi Dam, were to fail during a future earthquake. Impact projections suggest the flood could affect roughly 5  million people. [52] Human impacts An earthquake may cause injury and loss of life, road and bridge damage, general  property damage  (which may or may not be covered by  earthquake insurance), and collapse or destabilization (potentially leading to future collapse) of buildings. The aftermath may bring  disease, lack of basic necessities, and higher insurance premiums. ————————————————- Major earthquakes Earthquakes of magnitude 8. 0 and greater since 1900. The apparent 3D volumes of the bubbles are linearly proportional to their respective fatalities. [53] Main article:  List of earthquakes One of the most devastating earthquakes in recorded history occurred on 23 January 1556 in the  Shaanxi  province, China, killing more than 830,000 people (see  1556 Shaanxi earthquake). 54]  Most of the population in the area at the time lived in  yaodongs, artificial caves in  loess  cliffs, many of which collapsed during the catastrophe with great loss of life. The  1976 Tangshan earthquake, with a death toll estimated to be between 240,000 to 655,000, is believed to be the largest earthquake of the 20th century by death toll. [55] The  1960 Chilean Earthquake  is the largest earthquake that has been measured on a seismograph, reaching 9. 5 magnitude on 22 May 1960. [28][29]  Its epicenter was near Canete, Chile. The energy released was approximately twice that of the next most powerful earthquake, the  Good Friday Earthquake, which was centered in  Prince William Sound, Alaska. [56][57]  The ten largest recorded earthquakes have all been  megathrust earthquakes; however, of these ten, only the  2004 Indian Ocean earthquake  is simultaneously one of the deadliest earthquakes in history. Earthquakes that caused the greatest loss of life, while powerful, were deadly because of their proximity to either heavily populated areas or the ocean, where earthquakes often create  tsunamis  that can devastate communities thousands of kilometers away. Regions most at risk for great loss of life include those where earthquakes are relatively rare but powerful, and poor regions with lax, unenforced, or nonexistent seismic building codes. ————————————————- Prediction Main article:  Earthquake prediction Many methods have been developed for predicting the time and place in which earthquakes will occur. Despite considerable research efforts by  seismologists, scientifically reproducible predictions cannot yet be made to a specific day or month. 58]  However, for well-understood faults the probability that a segment may rupture during the next few decades can be estimated. [59] Earthquake warning systems  have been developed that can provide regional notification of an earthquake in progress, but before the ground surface has begun to move, potentially allowing people within the system’s range to seek shelter be fore the earthquake’s impact is felt. ————————————————- Preparedness The objective of  earthquake engineering  is to foresee the impact of earthquakes on buildings and other structures and to design such structures to minimize the risk of damage. Existing structures can be modified by  seismic retrofitting  to improve their resistance to earthquakes. Earthquake insurance  can provide building owners with financial protection against losses resulting from earthquakes. Emergency management  strategies can be employed by a government or organization to mitigate risks and prepare for consequences. ————————————————- Historical views An image from a 1557 book From the lifetime of the Greek philosopher  Anaxagoras  in the 5th century BCE to the 14th century CE, earthquakes were usually attributed to â€Å"air (vapors) in the cavities of the Earth. [60]  Thales  of Miletus, who lived from 625–547 (BCE) was the only documented person who believed that earthquakes were caused by tension between the earth and water. [60]  Other theories existed, including the Greek philosopher Anaxamines’ (585à ¢â‚¬â€œ526 BCE) beliefs that short incline episodes of dryness and wetness caused seismic activity. The Greek philosopher Democritus (460–371 BCE) blamed water in general for earthquakes. [60]  Pliny the Elder  called earthquakes â€Å"underground thunderstorms. â€Å"[60] ————————————————- Earthquakes in culture Mythology and religion In  Norse mythology, earthquakes were explained as the violent struggling of the god  Loki. When Loki,  god  of mischief and strife, murdered  Baldr, god of beauty and light, he was punished by being bound in a cave with a poisonous serpent placed above his head dripping venom. Loki’s wife  Sigyn  stood by him with a bowl to catch the poison, but whenever she had to empty the bowl the poison dripped on Loki’s face, forcing him to jerk his head away and thrash against his bonds, which caused the earth to tremble. [61] In  Greek mythology,  Poseidon  was the cause and god of earthquakes. When he was in a bad mood, he struck the ground with a  trident, causing earthquakes and other calamities. He also used earthquakes to punish and inflict fear upon people as revenge. [62] In  Japanese mythology,  Namazu  (? ) is a giant  catfish  who causes earthquakes. Namazu lives in the mud beneath the earth, and is guarded by the god  Kashima  who restrains the fish with a stone. When Kashima lets his guard fall, Namazu thrashes about, causing violent earthquakes. Popular culture In modern  popular culture, the portrayal of earthquakes is shaped by the memory of great cities laid waste, such as  Kobe in 1995  or  San Francisco in 1906. 63]  Fictional earthquakes tend to strike suddenly and without warning. [63]  For this reason, stories about earthquakes generally begin with the disaster and focus on its immediate aftermath, as in  Short Walk to Daylight  (1972),  The Ragged Edge  (1968) or  Aftershock: Earthquake in New York  (1998). [63]à ‚  A notable example is Heinrich von Kleist’s classic novella,  The Earthquake in Chile, which describes the destruction of Santiago in 1647. Haruki Murakami’s short fiction collection  after the quake  depicts the consequences of the Kobe earthquake of 1995. The most popular single earthquake in fiction is the hypothetical â€Å"Big One† expected of  California’s  San Andreas Fault  someday, as depicted in the novels  Richter 10  (1996) and  Goodbye California  (1977) among other works. [63]  Jacob M. Appel’s widely anthologized short story,  A Comparative Seismology, features a con artist who convinces an elderly woman that an apocalyptic earthquake is imminent. [64]  In  Pleasure Boating in Lituya Bay, one of the stories in  Jim Shepard’s  Like You’d Understand, Anyway, the â€Å"Big One† leads to an even more devastating tsunami. In the film  2012  (2009), solar flares (geologically implausibly) affecting the Earth’s core caused massive destabilization of the Earth’s crust layers. This created destruction planet-wide with earthquakes and tsunamis, foreseen by the  Mayan  culture and myth surrounding the last year noted in the  Mesoamerican calendar  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã‚  2012. Contemporary depictions of earthquakes in film are variable in the manner in which they reflect human psychological reactions to the actual trauma that can be caused to directly afflicted families and their loved ones. 65]  Disaster mental health response research emphasizes the need to be aware of the different roles of loss of family and key community members, loss of home and familiar surroundings, loss of essential supplies and services to maintain survival. [66][67]  Particularly for children, the clear availability of caregiving adults who are able to protect, nourish, and clothe them in the aftermath of the ea rthquake, and to help them make sense of what has befallen them has been shown even more important to their emotional and physical health than the simple giving of provisions. 68]  As was observed after other disasters involving destruction and loss of life and their media depictions, such as those of the 2001 World Trade Center Attacks or Hurricane Katrina—and has been recently observed in the  2010 Haiti earthquake, it is also important not to pathologize the reactions to loss and displacement or disruption of governmental administration and services, but rather to validate these reactions, to support constructive problem-solving and reflection as to how one might improve the conditions of those affected. [69] How to cite Naturally Occuring Earth Quakes, Essay examples

Demand and Supply for Uranium

Question: Discuss about the Demand and Supply for Uranium. Answer: Introduction At the present, the world is grappling with serious issues dealing with global warming and climate change and it is likely that if this problem is left unabated, it may even threaten human existence on the planet. As a result, the emphasis on clean fuels and non-renewable sources of energy is at its peak so as to control the ever increasing greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere. One of the clean energy alternatives that could prove to be a beacon of hope in this regard is nuclear energy. Most of the nuclear energy at the present is generated from uranium even though the usage of other minerals is also being explored. Uranium is of significance for the Australian economy considering the fact that it is the largest exporter of uranium in the world. In the recent times, the uranium prices have plummeted especially on account of security concerns which have been triggered due to the Fukushima incident (Green, 2016). This is a concerning situation for the uranium producers in Aus tralia. In the backdrop of the above facts, the report aims to highlight the influence of demand and supply factors on the uranium market dynamics especially the price. Further, the report also seeks to present the likely futuristic pricing trends based on the market dynamics prevailing at the present and expected in the near future. Discussion As per the relevant microeconomic theory, the price of a particular good or service tends to be driven by the respective demand and supply factors which impact either the demand or supply of the underlying good/service. Although the relevance of the demand supply analysis exists for all goods but it is more relevant for commodities where quality is pre-defined and price is directly driven by the demand and supply. Also, the price of such commodities tends to be dynamic and keeps on altering unlike the other products that are available at the retail level (Mankiw, 2014). The global uranium prices since 2014 have plummeted to unprecedented levels which have fundamentally altered the market dynamics. The main reason attributing to this drop in uranium prices is the Fukushima incident which has fuelled safety concerns with regards to the nuclear reactors. As a result of this and the potential damage that could happen in case of a nuclear meltdown, the demand for nuclear energy and also the nuclear fuel i.e. uranium was adversely impacted. Not only did it lead to the incremental demand slowing down but the public opinion in Japan was so adverse that even the 48 other operational nuclear plants were shut down which further lowered uranium demand (FOE, 2013). The fallout of the Fukushima disaster was not limited to Japan but was global and altered the energy mix in other nations also particularly those located in the developed world. For instance, certain European nations like Germany, Netherlands reached a decision whereby the phasing out of the operational nuclear plants began and the shortfall was made up by focusing on clean energy sources particularly wind. Before this incident, a significant amount of power was generated through nuclear energy in these nations and hence the demand for uranium was adversely impacted. The public opinion has also been hit in the developing world where massive protests have been witnessed particularly by the people situated in the vicinity of the plant location who were weary of the underlying safety concerns and thus wanted an alternative location to be considered. This in turn would slow down the building up of nuclear energy capacity which typically has a high gestation period (Green, 2014). The cumulative result of the above is a reduced global demand for uranium. This is reflected in the following diagram. It is apparent from the above that due to the Fukushima incident and its devastating effect on nuclear energy, the demand for uranium plummeted. Hence, the demand curve has shifted towards the left from Dh to Di. In the short run, since the supply does not alter, the shifting of the demand curve leads to lower equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity as indicated by PI and QI respectively. The fall in price of uranium due to the factors discussed above was about 50% of the peak prices existing before this incident (Nicholson and Snyder, 2011). Due to the falling demand which led to the decline in the prices, the uranium supply was also adversely impacted. This is primarily because the profit margins associated with uranium mining trimmed significantly and as a result plans for new mines were postponed since there was an apparent oversupply. Also, the mining companies (for instance Paladin Energy) that had only uranium in its product portfolio suffered huge losses and hence had to exit from the market which resulted in a marginal decrease in the overall supply of uranium. Till the time that the demand of uranium picks up again, it is expected that the uranium supply would remain stagnant at the current levels only (FOE, 2013). As a result of this, the supply curve would marginally shift towards the left but the same was insufficient to bridge the demand supply mismatch and hence the soft prices prevailed. Since then, Japan had reopened two nuclear plants and it was expected that this would provide a boost to demand and also remove the negative sentiments associated with nuclear energy. However, the price remained stagnant despite this move by Japan. A possible explanation for this anomaly lies in the fact that major nuclear energy producers already have significant stockpiles and hence any fresh demand would be generated only when the existing stocks deplete (Cormack, 2014). Also, there is reduced demand from western nations (such as Europe USA) which in wake of rising nuclear liability are making a transition to renewable energy sources. Besides, the stockpiles already stacked with Japan are so substantial that any new demand for incremental uranium is expected to arise only after years when the current stock is depleted. Hence, the developed world paints a very gloomy picture with regards to future demand of uranium in the near future (McHugh, 2016). However, in this gloomy global demand scenario, the developing nations led by India and China are serving as beacons of hope for this sector along with stability in uranium markets. This is primarily because these nations have energy shortage and thus are looking at nuclear energy as one of the viable alternatives to ensure better accessibility to power. However, it is highly likely that China with the intention of increasing the overall national energy security instead of relying on supply of uranium from outside sources may instead buyout certain uranium mines so as to ensure that backward linkages are developed. Besides, the growing need of India and China for nuclear reactor is being partially fulfilled by Russia due to restrictions of nuclear reactor exports to certain markets (Green, 2014). Meanwhile, the advancements of technology in nuclear reactors are also expected to dampen the demand for uranium since with the advent of breeder reactors, the uranium usage efficiency has t remendously improved and as a result the requirement of uranium for production of per unit nuclear energy is decreasing (Green, 2016). Also, the time period required for putting a nuclear reactor into place and attaining critically typically entails years and may be a decade also. This implies that impact of various environmental accords and international greenhouse gas emission cuts would be limited in the near future as the fresh demand would emerge only when the nuclear plant is actually constructed. Thus, it is highly likely that the demand for uranium in the near future would continue to be lacklustre and hence the price would also not firm up unless there are some major disruptions in supply of uranium which seems unlikely as of now (Levit, 2016). Conclusion On the basis of the discussion carried out above, it is correct to conclude that the Fukushima incident led to a decrease in the uranium demand on account of safety concerns and this leading to decrease in price as the supply remained constant. However, plummeting prices had an adverse impact on the profitability of uranium miners which led some of them to close shop and hence supply reduced slightly. However, still there is an excess of supply due to which prices continue being soft. In the near future, the likely demand is expected to emerge from developing nations as developed nations are looking for renewable energy alternatives. Additionally, the emphasis on climate and global warming is expected to be positive for uranium demand but the same would actually transform into real demand only years later due to high gestation period involved. Thus, in the near future also, it is expected that uranium prices would continue to be soft. References Cormack. L. (2014), Uranium jumps as Japan reopens reactors, Retrieved on August 3, 2016 from https://www.afr.com/markets/commodities/uranium-jumps-as-japan-reopens-reactors-20141112-11l8li FOE (2013), Uranium price slumps, Paladin Energy in trouble, Retrieved on August 3, 2016 from https://www.foe.org.au/uranium-price-slumps-paladin-energy-trouble Green, J. (2014), Uranium how low can it go?, Retrieved on August 3, 2016 from https://www.businessspectator.com.au/article/2014/5/29/energy-markets/uranium-%E2%88%92-how-low-can-it-go Green, J. (2016), Australias uranium industry foundering ?nearlydead, i Retrieved on August 3, 2016 from https://nuclearinformation.wordpress.com/2016/06/12/australias-uranium-industry-foundering-nearly-dead/comment-page-1/ Levit, D. (2016), Uranium Prices Recovery Could Take 10 Years, Retrieved on August 3, 2016 from https://www.economiccalendar.com/2016/05/13/uranium-prices-recovery-could-take-10-years/ Mankiw, G. (2014), Microeconomics (6th edition), London: Worth Publishers McHugh, B. (2016), Uranium price increase around corner as China and India look to nuclear to reduce carbon emissions, Retrieved on August 3, 2016 from https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-03-09/uranium-future-price-set-to-improve-as-new-plants-built/7232944 Nicholson, W. and Snyder, C. (2011), Fundamentals of Microeconomics (11th edition), New York: Cengage Learning Demand and Supply for Uranium Question: Discuss about the Economics For Business Demand and Supply for Uranium. Answer: Introduction The world currently is facing several issues in relation to climate change fuelled by global warming. This situation requires urgent attention or the problem may spin out of hand. In this backdrop, there is a renewed focus on enhancing the energy generation through cleaner sources which can act as credible substitutes to traditional coal based electricity generation. One of the alternatives worth considering is nuclear energy which is produced from uranium. Australia is one of the largest exporters of uranium worldwide. However, the fall in uranium prices that have been witnessed recently has been a cause of worry for the miners both in Australia and elsewhere (Green, 2016). There have been several reasons that are responsible for the fall in the prices or uranium. The given report in this context has the objective of highlighting the various demand and supply factors related to uranium which tend to have an impact on the underlying price. Based on these factors, it is possible to pr ovide an insight into the likely prices of uranium going forward in the future. Discussion In accordance with demand supply theory in microeconomic, the underlying price of any commodity is essentially dependent on the actual demand and supply and the same is the case for uranium (Mankiw, 2014). The uranium prices in the last couple of year have been in a state of virtual freefall as there has been a drastic reduction in the demand for uranium. This trend has been triggered by the Fukushima incident that has resulted in inflated security concerns about nuclear energy production not only in Japan but elsewhere also. In the response of the Fukushima incident, all the 48 nuclear plants that were operational in Japan at the time were phased out of production which led to drop in the uranium demand (FOE, 2013). Alarmed by the security concerns, the developed countries based out in Europe (such as Netherlands, Germany) also made out a conscious decision to phase out the existing nuclear plants and substitute the same with clean energy production by harnessing the renewable energy sources. This also impacted the demand adversely as a significant contribution to the energy security in these nations was done by the nuclear power. The fallout of these developments has also been witnessed in the developing countries such as India where the concerned people where new nuclear reactors are expected to come up have staged huge protests against the potential security threat and hence stalled the process of construction of new nuclear reactors. This is also expected to add to the downward pressure in the demand as considering the high gestation period of such projects, incremental demand may be several years away (Green, 2014). The net impact of the above developments has been witnessed in the form of plummeting demand whose impact can be accessed through the diagram indicated below. As a result of the factors highlighted above, there has been a shift in the demand curve towards the left i.e. to D1 from the original position Do. The supply continues to be the same in the short term and hence the net result of the demand curve shift is a fall in the equilibrium price and quantity to new levels denoted as PI and QI respectively (Nicholson and Snyder, 2011). The all in demand leads to lower prices which tend to have an adverse impact on the supply of uranium. This may be explained on the basis of reduced profit margins in the mining business and therefore the capital investments in the development of new mines are postponed to future when the demand would pick up. Additionally, some of the smaller companies have to shut down shop as they cannot sustain their operational expenses. This leads to the supply levels coming marginally downwards and stabilising there until there is increase in demand again (FOE, 2013). With regards ot future of uranium prices, the demand from the west remains tepid only and this trend is likely to continue with the increase in nuclear liabilities and rich prospects presented by other renewable energy sources. Also, even though the nuclear reactors in Japan have since then commences electricity production, the stockpiles that Japan currently possesses is so huge that any incremental demand for uranium from trading partners is years away. Hence, it may be correct to conclude that a very dismal situation is presented by the developed world in relation to demand for uranium in the future (McHugh, 2016). The only potential ray of hope stems from developing countries particularly China, India which are actively constructing new nuclear power plants in order to provide energy security to the people. Hence, nuclear energy is a viable option for these nations. However, with China also it is likely that prices would not receive much support as China may purchase a uranium mine abroad rather than trade uranium from others (Green, 2014). Besides, with the introduction of breeder reactors, the amount of uranium required per unit electricity production is on the decline (Green, 2016). Besides, for countries such as India where nuclear reactor construction is going on, the full scale operation of these reactors is some years away and may take upto a decade. As a result, the future prospective with regards to demand of uranium seems bleak with concerns on security front and high gestation period of those under construction. As a result, it is quite possible that uranium prices in the enar to me dium term would continue to remain soft (Levit, 2016). Conclusion The above discussion is indicative of the fact that the prices of uranium have come down in the recent times due to plummeting demand fuelled be security concerns across the world in the aftermath of the Fukushima incident. As a result, the price has also become quite less which is adversely impacting the profitability of suppliers. But it is expected that the prices would continue to the soft in the near to medium term as immediate increase in demand does not seem in sight. Only over a medium to long is demand expected to improve that to in the developing nations. References Cormack. L. (2014, November 12), Uranium jumps as Japan reopens reactors, Retrieved on August 3, 2016 from https://www.afr.com/markets/commodities/uranium-jumps-as-japan-reopens-reactors-20141112-11l8li FOE (2013), Uranium price slumps, Paladin Energy in trouble,Retrieved on August 3, 2016 from https://www.foe.org.au/uranium-price-slumps-paladin-energy-trouble Green, J. (2014, May 29),Uranium how low can it go?,Retrieved on August 3, 2016 from https://www.businessspectator.com.au/article/2014/5/29/energy-markets/uranium-%E2%88%92-how-low-can-it-go Green, J. (2016, June 12),Australias uranium industry foundering ?nearlydead, iRetrieved on August 3, 2016 fromhttps://nuclearinformation.wordpress.com/2016/06/12/australias-uranium-industry-foundering-nearly-dead/comment-page-1/ Levit, D. (2016, May 13),Uranium Prices Recovery Could Take 10 Years, Retrieved on August 3, 2016 fromhttps://www.economiccalendar.com/2016/05/13/uranium-prices-recovery-could-take-10-years/ Mankiw, G. (2014), Microeconomics(6th ed.), London: Worth Publishers McHugh, B. (2016, March 9),Uranium price increase around corner as China and India look to nuclear to reduce carbon emissions, Retrieved on August 3, 2016 fromhttps://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-03-09/uranium-future-price-set-to-improve-as-new-plants-built/7232944 Nicholson, W. and Snyder, C.(2011),Fundamentals of Microeconomics (11th ed.), New York: Cengage Learning